Sources & References

Sources - Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Chapter 1: Facing Reality
• Chapter 2: Seeds of Hope
• Chapter 3: Powering the Future
• Chapter 4: Harnessing the Heat of the Earth

Sources for Introduction

The 2021 Heat Dome and Extreme Weather in Canada

• CTV News. 2022. Coroners review reveals true death toll of B.C.’s 2021 heat dome. Retrieved from https://www.ctvnews.ca/vancouver/article/coroners-review-reveals-true-death-toll-of-bcs-2021-heat-dome/.

• CBC News. 2021. Daily heat records smashed in B.C.’s Okanagan. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/daily-heat-records-smashed-in-bc-s-okanagan-1.6269599.

• CBC News. 2021. B.C. flood watch: Road closures and evacuations as atmospheric river hits province. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bc-flood-watch-road-closures-1.6249154.

• Jain, P., et al. 2024. Anthropogenic climate change increased the extreme fire weather risk of the 2021 British Columbia heatwave. Nature Communications. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01346-2.

• Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC). 2024. National Wildland Fire Statistics. Retrieved from https://ciffc.net/statistics.

Global Climate Disasters & Rising Temperatures

• Reuters. 2024. Emirates suspends flights transiting through Dubai after storm. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/emirates-suspends-flights-transiting-through-dubai-after-storm-2024-04-19/.

• Independent. 2024. India weather: Heatwave in 2024. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/climate-100/india-weather-heatwave-2024-climate-100-b2581603.html.

• Washington Post. 2023. Iran’s Persian Gulf International Airport hits 152 degrees (66.7 Celsius), near world heat index record. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/08/09/iran-persian-gulf-extreme-heat/.

• World Weather Attribution. 2023. Deadly Mediterranean heatwave would not have occurred without human-induced climate change. Retrieved from https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/deadly-mediterranean-heatwave-would-not-have-occurred-without-human-induced-climate-change/.

• Scientific Daily. 2023. The 2023 State of the Climate Report. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/10/231024110647.htm.

Wildfires and Climate-Induced Environmental Catastrophes

• CBS News. 2022. Animal Populations Plummeted by Nearly 70% in the Last 50 Years, New Report Finds. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/animal-populations-plummeted-by-nearly-70-percent-last-50-years-new-report/.

• World Animal Protection. 2021. Understanding the 2021 Abbotsford floods. Retrieved from https://www.worldanimalprotection.ca/news/understanding-2021-abbotsford-floods.

• AP News. 2023. Wildfire haze from Canada blankets eastern US, disrupting flights and raising health concerns. Retrieved from https://apnews.com/article/wildfire-haze-canada-new-york-washington-0d24be8f977dc3e43fbbf17e363edfed.

• National Geographic. 2020. Australian wildfires cause firestorms. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/australian-wildfires-cause-firestorms.

• The Narwhal. 2024. B.C. Floods: Exploring Solutions for a Resilient Future. Retrieved from https://thenarwhal.ca/topics/bc-floods-solutions/.

Climate Policy & Economic Impact

• CBC News. 2024. Carbon tax controversy: Are funds being used effectively? Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/climate/carbon-tax-controversy-1.7151551.

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2022. Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Sixth Assessment Report. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf.

• Fendt. 2023. Fendt shows first hydrogen tractor at German Hydrogen Summit. Retrieved from https://www.fendt.com/int/fendt-shows-first-hydrogen-tractor-at-german-hydrogen-summit.

• National Observer. 2024. Farmers wait anxiously for verdict on carbon price carve-out bill. Retrieved from https://www.nationalobserver.com/2024/01/31/news/farmers-carbon-price-carve-out-bill.

• Climate Action Tracker. 2023. Canada: Climate action insufficient to meet Paris targets. Retrieved from https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/canada/.

• United Nations. 2014. Secretary-General’s Remarks at Climate Leaders’ Summit. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2014-04-11/secretary-generals-remarks-climate-leaders-summit.

• Queen’s University Gazette. 2023. Canada faces huge physical costs from climate change, making net zero a great investment. Retrieved from https://www.queensu.ca/gazette/stories/canada-faces-huge-physical-costs-climate-change-making-net-zero-great-investment.

Sources for Chapter 1: Facing Reality

Our World is Broken

• Zucman, Gabriel. 2019. Income Inequality is at its Highest Since the Great Depression. Axios. Retrieved from https://www.axios.com/2019/02/13/income-inequality-great-depression-gabriel-zucman.

• Scientific American. 2015. Exxon Knew About Climate Change Almost 40 Years Ago. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/exxon-knew-about-climate-change-almost-40-years-ago/.

• U.S. Senate Budget Committee. 2021. Denial, Disinformation, and Doublespeak: Big Oil’s Evolving Efforts to Avoid Accountability for Climate Change. Retrieved from https://www.budget.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/fossil_fuel_report1.pdf.

• Britannica. 2019. Anthropocene Epoch. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/Anthropocene-Epoch.

• The Atlantic. 2019. The Anthropocene Is Here: But What Does That Mean? Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/10/anthropocene-epoch-after-all/599863/.

• Carbon Majors. 2017. The Carbon Majors Report 2017. Retrieved from https://cdn.cdp.net/cdp-production/cms/reports/documents/000/002/327/original/Carbon-Majors-Report-2017.pdf.

The Ruthlessness of Capitalism

• Our World in Data. 2021. Economic Growth. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth.

• The New York Times. 2019. The Brutal Truth About America’s Origin Story. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/slavery-capitalism.html.

• CNBC. 2017. Psychopaths Make Good CEOs, Study Finds. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/21/apparently-psychopaths-make-good-ceos.html.

• McCullough, Jack. 2019. The Psychopathic CEO. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackmccullough/2019/12/09/the-psychopathic-ceo/?sh=361ce7d4791e.

• The Guardian. 2019. World’s 26 Richest People Own as Much as the Poorest 50 Percent, Oxfam Report Finds. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/21/world-26-richest-people-own-as-much-as-poorest-50-per-cent-oxfam-report.

• The Washington Post. 2019. Amazon Paid No Federal Taxes on $11 Billion in Profits Last Year. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/us-policy/2019/02/16/amazon-paid-no-federal-taxes-billion-profits-last-year/.

• Bloomberg Opinion. 2021. Who Helps Pay Amazon, Walmart, and McDonald’s Workers? You Do. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-03-18/who-helps-pay-amazon-walmart-and-mcdonald-s-workers-you-do.

• National Geographic. 2021. Why People Latch On to Conspiracy Theories, According to Science. Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/why-people-latch-on-to-conspiracy-theories-according-to-science.

• NASA. 2022. Scientific Consensus: Earth’s Climate is Warming. Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/.

Paying the Price

• The Weather Network. 2016. This Day in Weather History: May 3, 2016 – Fort McMurray Evacuations Begin. Retrieved from https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/this-day-in-weather-history-may-3-2016-fort-mcmurray-evacuations-begin.

• Statistics Canada. 2019. The Changing Climate and Environment of Canada. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/16-508-x/16-508-x2019002-eng.htm.

• CBC News. 2017. Canada’s forests used to be a buffer against climate change — now they’re part of the problem. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/forests-wildfires-1.4444998.

• Hicke, J.A., et al. 2018. Vegetation mortality hotspots in North America: A multi-scale assessment using a new approach for mapping forest mortality. Ecology Letters. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.12889.

• Global Forest Watch. 2024. Canada Wildfire Dashboard. Retrieved from https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/CAN/?category=fires.

• Center for Disaster Philanthropy. 2019. 2019 Australian Wildfires. Retrieved from https://disasterphilanthropy.org/disasters/2019-australian-wildfires/.

• The Guardian. 2023. Alexis Wright on the Black Summer Bushfires: ‘Three Billion Animals Killed Are Our Relatives. They Deserve to Be Mourned’. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/apr/01/alexis-wright-black-summer-bushfires-vigil-sydney-speech-3-billion-animals-killed-are-our-relatives-they-deserve-to-be-mourned.

• UC Davis. 2020. California’s 2020 Wildfire Season: By the Numbers. Retrieved from https://www.ucdavis.edu/climate/news/californias-2020-wildfire-season-numbers.

• CNN. 2021. Hurricane Ida and Climate Change: How the Storm Grew So Powerful So Quickly. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/28/us/hurricane-ida-louisiana-climate-change/index.html.

• Goldstream Gazette. 2023. B.C. Wildfires in 2023 Scorched 3 Million Hectares. Retrieved from https://www.goldstreamgazette.com/news/bc-wildfires-in-2023-scorch-3-million-hectares-4983588.

• Washington Post. 2023. Canada’s Historic 2023 Wildfire Season in Perspective. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2023/10/18/canada-historic-2023-wildfire-season-end/.

• Los Angeles Times. 2025. Estimated Cost of Fire Damage Balloons to More Than $250 Billion. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2025-01-24/estimated-cost-of-fire-damage-balloons-to-more-than-250-billion.

Those Left Behind

• The Guardian. 2022. Pakistan’s Floods Will Impact the Country for Years, Wiping Out Crops and Farms. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/12/pakistan-floods-impact-years-crops-farms.

• World Bank. 2022. Pakistan Flood Damages and Economic Losses Over $30 Billion, Reconstruction Needs Over $16 Billion, New Assessment Finds. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/28/pakistan-flood-damages-and-economic-losses-over-usd-30-billion-and-reconstruction-needs-over-usd-16-billion-new-assessme.

• Voice of America (VOA). 2022. UN Warns Deadly Diseases Spreading Fast in Flood-Ravaged Pakistan. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/a/un-warns-deadly-diseases-spreading-fast-in-flood-ravaged-pakistan/6773539.html.

• World Population Review. 2024. CO2 Emissions by Country. Retrieved from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/co2-emissions-by-country.

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2019. Chapter 5: Food Security. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-5/.

• The New York Times. 2019. Climate Change Threatens the World’s Food Supply, United Nations Warns. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/climate/climate-change-food-supply.html.

The Choice

• United Nations. 2022. The Causes and Effects of Climate Change. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change.

• CBC News. 2021. Thousands of Livestock Perished in B.C. Flooding, Officials Say. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bc-flooding-2021-livestock-deaths-abbotsford-1.6252774.

• NASA Earth Observatory. 2022. Global Temperatures Are Rising. Retrieved from https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/global-temperatures.

• Nature Climate Change. 2017. Well Below 2°C: Mitigation Strategies for Global Warming. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3352.epdf.

• The Economist. 2021. Three Degrees of Global Warming Is Quite Plausible—and Truly Disastrous. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/briefing/2021/07/24/three-degrees-of-global-warming-is-quite-plausible-and-truly-disastrous.

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2021. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis – Summary for Policymakers. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf.

Sources for Chapter 2: Seeds of Hope

The 2023 Wildfire Crisis

• United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). 2023. Canada Wildfires 2023: A Forensic Analysis. Retrieved from https://www.undrr.org/resource/canada-wildfires-2023-forensic-analysis.

• Government of Canada. 2023. CAF Domestic Operations – Wildfire Support 2023. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/reports-publications/proactive-disclosure/nddn-23-november-2023/domestic-and-continental-security.html.

• Canadian Military Family Magazine. 2023. CAF Personnel Exemplified the Spirit of Unity During Operation LENTUS. Retrieved from https://www.cmfmag.ca/todays_brief/caf-personnel-exemplified-the-spirit-of-unity-during-operation-lentus/.

• Government of British Columbia. 2024. Wildfire Season Summary. Retrieved from https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/safety/wildfire-status/about-bcws/wildfire-history/wildfire-season-summary.

• Climate Institute. 2024. Fact Sheet: Climate Change and Drought. Retrieved from https://climateinstitute.ca/news/fact-sheet-climate-change-and-drought/.

• Natural Resources Canada. 2023. Canada’s Record-Breaking Wildfires: A Fiery Wake-Up Call. Retrieved from https://natural-resources.canada.ca/simply-science/canadas-record-breaking-wildfires-2023-fiery-wake-call/25303.

• RAND Corporation. 2012. Evidence for Climate Change is Overwhelming. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/blog/2012/03/evidence-for-climate-change-is-overwhelming.html.

• The Guardian. 2021. Climate Crisis: We Must Make Sacrifices to Avoid Future Wars, Says EU Deputy Frans Timmermans. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/30/climate-crisis-we-must-make-sacrifices-to-avoid-future-wars-says-eu-deputy-frans-timmermans.

• Union of Concerned Scientists. 2024. Climate Solutions. Retrieved from https://www.ucsusa.org/climate/solutions.

A Threat to National Security

• Columbia Climate School. 2023. Why Climate Change is a National Security Risk. Retrieved from https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2023/10/11/why-climate-change-is-a-national-security-risk/.

• PBS NewsHour. 2023. How Climate Change Is Contributing to Migration Out of North Africa. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/how-climate-change-is-contributing-to-migration-out-of-north-africa.

• Council on Foreign Relations. 2024. Europe’s Migration Dilemma. Retrieved from http://cfr.org/article/europes-migration-dilemma.

• The White House. 2015. National Security Implications of Changing Climate. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/docs/National_Security_Implications_of_Changing_Climate_Final_051915.pdf.

• Government of Canada. 2020. Canadian Armed Forces 101. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/corporate/reports-publications/transition-materials/defence-101/2020/03/defence-101/caf-101.html.

• Reuters. 2021. US Envoy Kerry Says World Needs Wartime Mentality Over Climate. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/us-envoy-kerry-says-world-needs-wartime-mentality-over-climate-2021-06-28/.

Growing Natural Carbon Sinks

• Council of Canadian Academies. 2021. Carbon Sinks in Canadian Forests. Retrieved from https://cca-reports.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Carbon-Sinks_EN_CH-3_Forests.pdf.

• Global Forest Watch. 2024. Canada Forest Dashboard. Retrieved from https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/CAN/?map=eyJjYW5Cb3VuZCI6dHJ1ZX0%3D.

• Fast Company. 2020. These Drones Can Plant 40,000 Trees in a Month—By 2028, They’ll Have Planted 1 Billion. Retrieved from https://www.fastcompany.com/90504789/these-drones-can-plant-40000-trees-in-a-month-by-2028-theyll-have-planted-1-billion.

• Smart Prosperity Institute. 2023. There’s Promise in Planting Billions and Billions of Trees. Retrieved from https://institute.smartprosperity.ca/content/there-s-promise-planting-billions-and-billions-trees.

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2022. Forests: A Natural Solution to Climate Change and a Crucial Sustainable Future. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/forests-natural-solution-climate-change-crucial-sustainable-future.

• The Guardian. 1999. Using Military Planes to Reforest the World. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/sep/02/paulbrown.

Using Military Strength to Protect Nature

• The Independent. 2018. China Mobilizes 60,000 Soldiers to Plant 84,000 Square Kilometers of Trees to Combat Pollution. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-tree-plant-soldiers-reassign-climate-change-global-warming-deforestation-a8208836.html.

• The Guardian. 1999. Using Military Planes to Reforest the World. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/sep/02/paulbrown.

• Flash Forest. 2024. How Flash Forest Uses Drones for Reforestation. Retrieved from https://flashforest.ca/.

• HowStuffWorks. 2024. Aerial Reforestation: Using Planes to Plant Trees. Retrieved from https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/aerial-reforestation2.htm.

• Fast Company. 2020. These Drones Can Plant 40,000 Trees in a Month—By 2028, They’ll Have Planted 1 Billion. Retrieved from https://www.fastcompany.com/90504789/these-drones-can-plant-40000-trees-in-a-month-by-2028-theyll-have-planted-1-billion.

• Earth.org. 2024. Deforestation Statistics: 10 Million Hectares Lost Annually. Retrieved from https://earth.org/statistics-deforestation/.

Harnessing Drone Power for Reforestation

• National Forest Foundation. 2024. Piloting Drones as a Reforestation Tool. Retrieved from https://www.nationalforests.org/blog/piloting-drones-as-a-reforestation-tool.

• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2021. Ecosystem Restoration for People, Nature and Climate. Retrieved from https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/36251/ERPNC.pdf.

• National Defense Magazine. 2023. Autonomous Swarm Drones: The New Face of Warfare. Retrieved from https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2023/12/13/industry-perspective-autonomous-swarm-drones-new-face-of–warfare.

Cleaning the Air With Carbon Capture Technology

• Fast Company. 2017. This Machine Just Started Sucking CO2 Out of the Air to Save Us from Climate Change. Retrieved from https://www.fastcompany.com/40421871/this-machine-just-started-sucking-co2-out-of-the-air-to-save-us-from-climate-change.

• NRG Energy. 2024. Petra Nova Carbon Capture Project: Case Study. Retrieved from https://www.nrg.com/case-studies/petra-nova.html.

• World Resources Institute. 2024. Carbon Capture Technology: Current State and Future Potential. Retrieved from https://www.wri.org/insights/carbon-capture-technology.

• Financial Post. 2023. Carbon Capture Projects Hit Record But Would Mitigate Less than 1% of Emissions. Retrieved from https://financialpost.com/commodities/energy/carbon-capture-projects-hit-record-but-would-mitigate-less-than-1-of-emissions.

• International Energy Agency (IEA). 2024. Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS). Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage-2.

• Government of Canada. 2024. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Environmental Indicators. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/environmental-indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions.html.

• Canadian Energy Centre. 2024. Assessing the Future Use of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage in Canada’s Oil and Gas Sector. Retrieved from https://www.canadianenergycentre.ca/assessing-the-future-use-of-carbon-capture-utilization-and-storage-in-canadas-oil-and-gas-sector/.

A New Economic Frontier

• The Globe and Mail. 2024. B.C.’s Carbon Engineering Secures $68 Million to Commercialize CO₂ Removal Technology. Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-bcs-carbon-engineering-secures-68-million-to-commercialize-c0/.

• BloombergNEF. 2024. Occidental’s Big Buy May Change the Course of the $150 Billion Carbon Market. Retrieved from https://about.bnef.com/blog/occidentals-big-buy-may-change-course-of-150-billion-market/.

• U.S. Forest Service. 2024. Trees Are Climate Change and Carbon Storage Heroes. Retrieved from https://www.fs.usda.gov/about-agency/features/trees-are-climate-change-carbon-storage-heroes.

• International Energy Agency (IEA). 2024. Putting CO₂ to Use. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/putting-co2-to-use.

• Go Tree Quotes. 2024. Tree Planting Statistics: Global Trends and Impact. Retrieved from https://www.gotreequotes.com/tree-planting-statistics.

• Crowther, T.W. et al. 2015. Mapping Tree Density at a Global Scale. Nature 525, 201-205. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14967.

• Columbia Climate School. 2019. Making CO₂ Useful: Can Carbon Utilization Be Profitable? Retrieved from https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2019/05/29/co2-utilization-profits/.

• BBC News. 2018. Can Captured Carbon Be Used to Help Grow Crops? Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46455844.

• Chatham House. 2018. Making Concrete Change: Innovation in Low-Carbon Cement and Concrete. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/2018/06/making-concrete-change-innovation-low-carbon-cement-and-concrete.

• ScienceDirect. 2016. CO₂ Utilization in Construction Materials: Potential and Challenges. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095894651630614X.

Sources for Chapter 3: Powering the Future

The Fukushima Disaster and Global Fallout

• National Geographic. 2023. Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami. Retrieved from https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/tohoku-earthquake-and-tsunami.

• World Nuclear Association. 2023. Fukushima Daiichi Accident. Retrieved from https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-daiichi-accident.aspx.

• Forbes. 2011. The World’s Most Expensive Disasters. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/investopedia/2011/08/26/the-worlds-most-expensive-disasters/?sh=790113c823b1.

• U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2023. Japan’s Nuclear Power Shutdowns. Retrieved from https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61386.

• Energy Policy Journal. 2013. The Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Its Effect on Global Energy Security. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421512010282.

Germany’s Nuclear Phase-Out and Its Consequences

• Clean Energy Wire. 2023. Germany’s Nuclear Phase-Out: History and Policy Decisions. Retrieved from https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/history-behind-germanys-nuclear-phase-out.

• OSW Centre for Eastern Studies. 2023. Germany Shuts Down Its Last Three Nuclear Reactors. Retrieved from https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2023-04-21/it-official-germany-abandons-nuclear-energy.

• International Energy Agency (IEA). 2023. Germany’s Renewable Energy Targets. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/countries/germany.

• Reuters. 2023. Germany Approves Bringing Coal-Fired Power Plants Back Online. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/germany-approves-bringing-coal-fired-power-plants-back-online-this-winter-2023-10-04/.

• Vox. 2023. How Phasing Out Nuclear Increased Coal Dependence in Germany. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/7/19/23799448/germany-climate-change-nuclear-power-fukushima-carbon-emissions-coal-global-warming.

• The Guardian. 2024. The Impact of Russia’s Invasion on German Living Standards. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/18/german-living-standards-plummeted-after-russia-invaded-ukraine-say-economists.

• Forum New Economy. 2024. The Economics of the Energy Shock in Germany. Retrieved from https://newforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/FNE-WP03-2024-3.pdf.

• The Atlantic. 2011. Earthquake in Japan. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/03/earthquake-in-japan/100022/.

• Scientific American. 2023. What Is Chernobyl Like Today? Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-chernobyl-like-today/.

• Britannica. 2024. Three Mile Island Accident. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/event/Three-Mile-Island-accident.

• 3 Seas Europe. 2024. Coal or Nuclear? The Three Seas About to Reach Critical Mass. Retrieved from https://3seaseurope.com/coal-or-nuclear-the-three-seas-about-to-reach-critical-mass/.

Nuclear Disasters and Their Legacy

• World Nuclear Association. 2023. Chernobyl Accident. Retrieved from https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/chernobyl-accident.aspx.

• GeoHistory. 2023. Chernobyl: A Short History of Human Impact. Retrieved from https://geohistory.today/chernobyl-short-history-human-impact/.

• GIS Reports. 2023. Is Nuclear Energy Safe? Retrieved from https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/nuclear-energy-safe/.

• Visual Capitalist. 2023. World’s Safest Source of Energy. Retrieved from https://elements.visualcapitalist.com/worlds-safest-source-energy/.

• Business Insider. 2017. The Deadliest Dam Disaster: Banqiao Dam Collapse. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/dam-safety-statistics-risk-of-death-2017-2.

• Visual Capitalist. 2023. Charted: Safest and Deadliest Energy Sources. Retrieved from https://www.visualcapitalist.com/cp/charted-safest-and-deadliest-energy-sources/.

• Center for American Progress. 2023. Fossil Fuels: A Legacy of Disaster. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/fossil-fuels-a-legacy-of-disaster/.

• National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2023. Fossil Fuel Air Pollution Kills Millions Annually. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38030155/.

The Role of Nuclear Power in a Sustainable Future

• World Nuclear Association. 2023. Thorium: An Alternative Nuclear Fuel. Retrieved from https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/thorium.

• IEEE Spectrum. 2023. China’s Experimental Thorium Reactor. Retrieved from https://spectrum.ieee.org/china-closing-in-on-thorium-nuclear-reactor.

• Generation IV International Forum. 2023. Benefits and Challenges of Generation IV Reactors. Retrieved from https://www.gen-4.org/gif/jcms/c_40368/benefits-and-challenges.

• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 2023. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) Overview. Retrieved from https://www.iaea.org/topics/small-modular-reactors.

• NuScale Power. 2023. NuScale Power’s SMR Technology. Retrieved from https://www.nuscalepower.com/en/products/voygr-smr-plants.

• Better Energy. 2024. The True Land Footprint of Solar Energy. Retrieved from https://betterenergy.org/blog/the-true-land-footprint-of-solar-energy/.

• U.S. Department of Energy. 2024. 5 Fast Facts About Spent Nuclear Fuel. Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/5-fast-facts-about-spent-nuclear-fuel.

• World Nuclear Association. 2024. What Is Nuclear Waste and What Do We Do with It? Retrieved from https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-essentials/what-is-nuclear-waste-and-what-do-we-do-with-it.aspx.

The Sun, the Wind, and the Water

• Canada Energy Regulator (CER). 2023. Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles: Explore Canada’s Energy Data. Retrieved from https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-explore.html.

• Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2019. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Canada’s Power Sector. Retrieved from https://www.ec.gc.ca/doc/publications/cc/COM1374/ec-com1374-en-s3.htm.

• Calgary Herald. 2024. Coal Power Disappearing from Alberta’s Grid. Retrieved from https://calgaryherald.com/business/energy/coal-power-disappearing-alberta-grid.

• Current Results - Weather and Science Facts. 2023. Average Annual Sunshine in Alberta. Retrieved from https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/Canada/Alberta/sunshine-annual-average.php.

• Current Results - Weather and Science Facts. 2023. Average Annual Sunshine in Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/South-America/Brazil/sunshine-annual-average.php.

• WIRED. 2022. The Environmental Impact of Lithium Extraction. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/story/lithium-batteries-environment-impact/.

• Global News. 2023. Alberta’s Renewable Energy Industry Grows, but Challenges Remain. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/10045504/alberta-renewable-energy-industry/.

• Pipeline Online. 2023. At Supper on Friday, Alberta’s Wind Power Fell to 7 out of 3,618 Megawatts, or 0.19% Capacity—Again. Retrieved from https://pipelineonline.ca/at-supper-on-friday-albertas-wind-power-fell-to-7-out-of-3618-megawatts-or-0-19-per-cent-capacity-again/.

The Hidden Costs of “Clean” Hydropower Energy

• International Energy Agency (IEA). 2023. Hydropower Special Market Report: Executive Summary. Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/reports/hydropower-special-market-report/executive-summary.

• Oxford Academic - BioScience. 2016. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydropower Reservoirs. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-abstract/66/11/949/2754271.

• Science.org. 2019. The Climate Impact of Hydropower Projects. Retrieved from https://www.science.org/content/article/hundreds-new-dams-could-mean-trouble-our-climate.

• Stanford University. 2022. Methane and Climate Change. Retrieved from https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/methane-and-climate-change-0.

• The Washington Post. 2017. Methane’s Role in Rising Seas and Climate Change. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/09/methane-may-not-last-long-in-the-atmosphere-but-it-drives-rising-seas-for-hundreds-of-years/.

• European Commission. 2024. Methane Emissions: Carbon Management and Fossil Fuels. Retrieved from https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/carbon-management-and-fossil-fuels/methane-emissions_en.

• Environmental Defense Fund (EDF). 2023. Methane’s Crucial Role in Climate Action. Retrieved from https://www.edf.org/climate/methane-crucial-opportunity-climate-fight.

• S&P Global Market Intelligence. 2022. Calls for EPA to Include Hydropower Emissions in Climate Reporting. Retrieved from https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/conservation-groups-ask-epa-to-require-greenhouse-gas-reporting-for-hydropower-69478502.

• Nature. 2019. The Expansion of Hydropower Projects Worldwide. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-54980-8.

Why Fossil Fuel Advocates Push Back & Final Thoughts

• Canada Energy Regulator (CER). 2023. Provincial and Territorial Energy Profiles: Canada. Retrieved from https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-canada.html.

• U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2023. U.S. Electricity Generation by Energy Source. Retrieved from https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=427&t=3.

• Nature Energy. 2023. Solar and Wind Growth Must Continue at Record Pace to Meet Net-Zero Goals. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-023-01241-8.

• MIT News. 2023. Study: Shutting Down Nuclear Power Could Increase Air Pollution. Retrieved from https://news.mit.edu/2023/study-shutting-down-nuclear-power-could-increase-air-pollution-0410.

• RBC Thought Leadership. 2024. How Canada Can Make Small Modular Nuclear Reactors a Priority. Retrieved from https://thoughtleadership.rbc.com/think-small-how-canada-can-make-small-modular-nuclear-reactors-a-priority/.

Additional Resources

• BBC News. 2023. The global push for nuclear energy and its challenges. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64312400.

• Reuters. 2024. Switzerland to scrap ban on building nuclear power stations. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/switzerland-scrap-ban-building-nuclear-power-stations-2024-08-28/.

• Energy Post. 2023. 200-400 nuclear reactors to be decommissioned by 2040. Retrieved from https://energypost.eu/200-400-nuclear-reactors-to-be-decommissioned-by-2040/.

• Statista. 2024. Number of nuclear reactors in operation by country. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/267158/number-of-nuclear-reactors-in-operation-by-country/.

• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). 2021. Nuclear power 10 years after Fukushima: The long road back. Retrieved from https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/nuclear-power-10-years-after-fukushima-the-long-road-back.

• U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). 2022. Three Mile Island: A fact sheet. Retrieved from https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html.

• The Washington Post. 2019. Three Mile Island represented the power and peril of nuclear energy. Now it’s closed. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/three-mile-island-represented-the-power-and-peril-of-nuclear-energy-now-its-closed/2019/09/26/513a430c-dfcd-11e9-be96-6adb81821e90_story.html.

• Statista. 2024. Number of nuclear reactors under construction worldwide. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/513671/number-of-under-construction-nuclear-reactors-worldwide/.

• BBC Future. 2019. Will we ever know Chernobyl’s true death toll? Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190725-will-we-ever-know-chernobyls-true-death-toll.

Sources for Chapter 4: Harnessing the Heat of the Earth

The Untapped Power Beneath Our Feet

• NS Energy. 2023. Why geothermal power is expected to grow significantly in coming years. Retrieved from https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/analysis/why-geothermal-power-is-expected-to-grow-significantly-in-coming-years/.

• The Narwhal. 2023. Canada’s geothermal industry is finally gaining ground — but will it be enough? Retrieved from https://thenarwhal.ca/canada-geothermal-industry-gaining-ground/.

• National Geographic. 2024. Ring of Fire. Retrieved from https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ring-fire/.

• Canadian Geothermal Energy Association. 2024. Geothermal energy in Canada. Retrieved from https://www.cangea.ca/geothermal.html.

• Global News. 2024. Canadian clean energy technology is helping Germany go green. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/10882092/canadian-clean-energy-technology-germany/.

• Reuters. 2010. Canada’s geothermal industry aims for a breakthrough. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/geothermal-canada-idUKN0927532220100809.

Why Geothermal Never Took Off in Canada

• U.S. Department of Energy. 2024. Electricity generation from geothermal energy. Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/electricity-generation.

• The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2024. Hydroelectricity in Canada. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hydroelectricity.

• The Tyee. 2010. Geothermal power: The energy source Canada forgot. Retrieved from https://thetyee.ca/News/2010/11/19/GeothermalPower/.

• The Pembina Institute. 2023. Geothermal energy: A no-brainer for Canada. Retrieved from https://www.pembina.org/blog/geothermal-energy-no-brainer-canada.

Why Geothermal Has Struggled to Gain Traction

• Environmental Defence. 2024. Canada’s Fossil Fuel Subsidies 2024. Retrieved from https://environmentaldefence.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Canadas-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies.pdf.

• CBC News. 2024. Canada offered at least $18.6B in fossil fuel subsidies last year, report says. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/fossil-fuels-canada-subsidies-1.7156152.

• Canada Action. 2024. Geothermal Energy in Canada: Facts & Potential. Retrieved from https://www.canadaaction.ca/geothermal-energy-canada-facts.

• U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2024. Assumptions to the Annual Energy Outlook 2024. Retrieved from https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/assumptions/pdf/table_8.2.pdf.

• MacEwan University. 2023. Electricity prices in Alberta: What’s behind the increase? Retrieved from https://www.macewan.ca/campus-life/news/2023/09/news-conversation-jahangir-electricity-23/.

• U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2024. Annual Electric Power Industry Report: Electricity Operating Expenses. Retrieved from https://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/html/epa_08_04.html.

• Scientific American. 2010. Can Geothermal Power Compete with Coal on Price? Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-geothermal-power-compete-with-coal-on-price/.

• U.S. Department of Energy. 2020. Now Available: IEA 2020 U.S. Geothermal Report. Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/articles/now-available-iea-2020-us-geothermal-report.

• British Geological Survey. 2024. Carbon Capture and Storage: How Does It Work? Retrieved from https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/climate-change/carbon-capture-and-storage/.

• Parkland Institute. 2022. Job Creation or Job Loss? Automation in the Oil Sands. Retrieved from https://www.parklandinstitute.ca/job_creation_or_job_loss.

• Statistics Canada. 2023. Hydroelectricity Generation Dries Amid Low Precipitation and Record High Temperatures. Retrieved from https://www.statcan.gc.ca/o1/en/plus/5776-hydroelectricity-generation-dries-amid-low-precipitation-and-record-high-temperatures.

• U.S. Department of Energy. 2023. Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/enhanced-geothermal-systems.

• EE Power. 2023. Closed-Loop Geothermal Power Generation Demonstration Facility. Retrieved from https://eepower.com/news/closed-loop-geothermal-power-generation-demonstration-facility/.

• Government of Canada. 2023. Putting a Price on Carbon Pollution. Retrieved from https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/climate-change/pricing-pollution-how-it-will-work/putting-price-on-carbon-pollution.html.

Unlocking Canada’s Geothermal Potential

• Alberta Energy Regulator. 2023. How Are Wells Abandoned? Retrieved from https://www.aer.ca/understanding-resource-development/project-life-cycle/suspension-and-abandonment/how-are-wells-abandoned.

• CBC News. 2024. A Long Overlooked Climate Solution, Geothermal Could Be in for Its Hottest Decade Yet. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/a-long-overlooked-climate-solution-geothermal-could-be-in-for-its-hottest-decade-yet-1.7069663.

• Pembina Institute. 2023. Employment Growth in Clean Energy Far Outpaces Fossil Fuels Sector, IEA Report Shows. Retrieved from https://www.pembina.org/media-release/employment-growth-clean-energy-far-outpaces-fossil-fuels-sector-iea-report-shows.

• University of Alberta. 2022. Geothermal Energy Could Give Old Oil and Gas Wells a New Lease on Life. Retrieved from https://www.ualberta.ca/en/folio/2022/11/geothermal-energy-could-give-old-oil-and-gas-wells-a-new-lease-on-life.html.

• Global News. 2024. Alberta’s Geothermal Technology Gains Global Interest. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/9560459/alberta-geothermal-technology-overseas/.

• EnergyRates.ca. 2024. Canada Energy Statistics: Consumption and Pricing Trends. Retrieved from https://energyrates.ca/energy-stats/.

• Vox. 2022. Geothermal Energy Could Turn Old Oil and Gas Wells into a Clean Energy Source. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/recode/23024204/geothermal-energy-heat-oil-gas-wells.

• Eavor Technologies. 2024. Eavor-Loop™: Next-Generation Geothermal Technology. Retrieved from https://www.eavor.com/technology/.

• Global News. 2024. Canadian Clean Energy Technology Gains Global Interest. Retrieved from https://globalnews.ca/news/10882092/canadian-clean-energy-technology-germany/.